The Role of Yekaterinburg Merchant Class in the Development of Interregional Trade in Lard the End of 18th – 19th Centuries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the 18 th -19 th centuries lard trade played an important role in the economy of the Russian Empire.This trade had both local and interregional character.Entrepreneurs of many Russian regions, including the Urals, were interested in this type of business activity.The article examines the participation and role of Yekaterinburg merchants in the interregional trade in lard in the last quarter of the 18 th -19 th centuries, as well as the methods of procurement operations (purchase of raw bacon, melted bacon and cattle), the organization of processing of raw materials and the mechanism of delivery of finished products to major ports for export to Europe, primarily to Great Britain.The studied materials allow us to assert that the presence of a number of favorable factors allowed Yekaterinburg merchants to become some of the leaders of the Urals-Siberian region in this type of trade for a relatively short period of time.The article notes that the success of local merchants attracted the attention of entrepreneurs from other cities to Yekaterinburg.They took leading positions in the lard trade over time.Participation in the lard trade and organization of bacon production have been one of the leading activities of Yekaterinburg merchants for a long time.The increased competition on the part of merchants from other regions, the decline in demand for lard because of a technical progress, the strengthening of sanitary control measures during transporting livestock in the last quarter of the 19 th century cooled down the interest of the Yekaterinburg merchant class to the lard trade.Only individual entrepreneurs continued to be engaged in this kind of activity aimed mainly at satisfying local needs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".