Historical Perspectives on Seafarers and the Law
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Samuel Johnson’s aphorism was apt, not only in the 18th century, but for many 1.01 years before and afterwards. Employment at sea meant danger, isolation and restriction. It also meant that the seafarer was generally out of reach of any legal system which might be used to protect him, even if legal protection of the interests of workers was fairly scant at the time in many parts of the world.At the same time, shipping, as a commercial activity, was specially regulated from ancient times, through the medieval age, and up to the modern period. Some part of that regulation was directed to the condition of the seafarer. In Roman law, the Praetor’s Edict, eventually applicable throughout the Empire, In the UK, for example, laws seeking to reduce the physical risks of employment (the Factories Acts) begin to be seen in the second quarter of the 19th century, together with some regulation of the method of paying wages (the Truck Acts), but laws directed more widely to the improvement of the mutual rights and responsibilities of employment do not appear until the second half of the 20th century.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".