Survey of Bare Active Galactic Nuclei in the Local Universe (z < 0.2). I. On the Origin of Soft Excess
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We analyze a sample of 21 “bare” Seyfert 1 active galactic nuclei, a subclass of Seyfert 1 galaxies, with intrinsic absorption N H ∼ 1020 cm−2, in the local Universe (z < 0.2) using XMM-Newton and Swift/XRT observations. The luminosities of the primary continuum, the X-ray emission in the 3–10 keV energy range, and the soft excess—the excess emission that appears above the low-energy extrapolation of the power-law fit of 3–10 keV X-ray spectra—are calculated. Our spectral analysis reveals that the long-term intrinsic luminosities of the soft excess and the primary continuum are tightly correlated ( L PC ∝ L SE 1.1 ± 0.04 ) . We also found that the luminosities are correlated for each source. This result suggests that both the primary continuum and soft excess emissions exhibit a dependency on the accretion rate in a similar way.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".