Effects of simulated catch-and-release angling of Atlantic salmon shortly before spawning on the viability and development of their offspring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The principle of catch-and-release (C&R) angling is to conserve fish populations while allowing the socioeconomic benefits associated with recreational angling to continue, even at low-stock abundances. We explored how angling-associated parental stress close to spawning could influence early development of the next generation. Wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, were captured on the river Blackwater, N. Scotland, during their spawning migration and exposed to different disturbance protocols intended to simulate C&R angling. Experimental fish were mated with non-experimental fish and their offspring were monitored. Mortality was higher in offspring whose parents were air-exposed. Embryos from stressed parents had smaller yolk sacs compared to controls and offspring from air-exposed parents were shorter at first feeding. Most effects were of similar magnitude regardless of the stressed parent's sex and indicated that C&R angling of Atlantic salmon close to spawning could adversely influence the offspring development. These results suggest that consideration must be given to excluding spawning periods from fishing seasons, and highlight the importance of avoiding air exposure for captured fish, as indicated by best practice guidelines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".