Encapsulation of Weakly-Basic Drugs, Antisense Oligonucleotides, and Plasmid DNA within Large Unilamellar vesicles for Drug Delivery Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Liposomes are microscopic spheres consisting of one or more lipid bilayers arranged concentrically about a central aqueous core. Liposomes were first described over thirty-five years ago (1), and it was not long after that their usefulness as models of biological membranes and their potential as systems for the systemic delivery of drugs was recognized (2). Development of this potential required techniques for the generation of unilamellar vesicles and encapsulation of drugs and macromolecules within them. Although a wide variety of methods were developed for the formation of liposomes (3, 4), many of them were technically demanding, time-consuming, and did not generate liposomes of optimal size and polydispersity. Likewise, early attempts at encapsulating drugs within liposomes relied on passive entrapment methods, which resulted in low encapsulation levels (<30%) and poor retention of drugs (5). Nevertheless, early in vivo experiments on liposomal drug systems were encouraging enough to fuel further development (see ref. 5 and references therein).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".