Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In the second half of the nineteenth century, Beirut’s extramural quarter of Zuqaq al-Blat became home to intellectuals, converts, mavericks, exiles, and reformers-as well as the place where thousands of children went to school.2 As in no other quarter in Beirut, and arguably in any Ottoman provincial capital, urban development was linked to its mushrooming educational institutions.3 This chapter examines the schools, teachers, and literary societies that interacted to produce a vibrant intellectual atmosphere in fin de sieclè Beirut not because of but aside from the presence of the much-studied missionary schools. Whether local or foreign, Muslim or Christian, the cultural activists of the late Ottoman period shared a sense of optimism that hard work and education would bring salvation from the traumas of the recent past. There were, however, differences in cultural diagnosis and remedy. This chapter traces some of the major educational projects and debates in Beirut. In particular, questions of civilization and public morality affected urban discourses of modernity that the next and final part will examine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".