Experimental investigation of the hydrodynamic field around a half-cone woody debris jam on a bridge pier
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A debris jam causes extra load and associated scour on a bridge pier, and this significantly affects the safety of the bridge. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the flow field around half-cone shaped debris jams of equal size, following the geometry in previous field studies, but with different surface roughness. The debris jams were assembled using dowels or by 3D printing. The results indicate three zones were observed behind the debris jam: the wake dead zone, high shear transition zone, and accelerated high-speed zone. A debris jam enlarges the dead zone while Reynolds shear stress was greatest in the transition zone for all debris jam cases. Additionally, the drag coefficient of debris jams built by dowels was greater compared with the 3D-printed debris jam, attributed to the debris jam roughness. In summary, debris jams form the wake dead zone behind the pier, increase downward flow in front of the pier, and enhance flow acceleration around the pier, highlighting the potential hazards to bridge safety.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".