The Unsustainable Dependence Of Spanish Local Treasuries On Taxes And Charges Related To Construction Activities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract During recent decades, urban areas in Spain have experienced an unprecedented level of growth which has been exacerbated in recent years. Between 1987 and 2000, developed land increased by 29.5 per cent, with estimated projections for 2005 and 2010 being 41 and 52 per cent higher than in 1987, respectively. The transformation from high to low density developments and the frantic construction of new residences and industrial areas account for most of this transformation. Although the process has affected almost the whole country, it has not been homogeneous, with hot spots around the coast (79 per cent of all residences built in Spain between 1990 and 2000), mainly in the Mediterranean (see, for example, the occupation of the coastline, in Table 29.1), and in the metropolitan area of Madrid. In 2005 alone, more than 800,000 new homes were approved, more than those built in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom put together, despite those countries having almost fi ve times the Spanish population. Consequently, according to Eurostat, Spain has exceeded all of these countries and others like Sweden in terms of number of homes per 1,000 inhabitants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.024 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".