Mother‐child bidirectional influences in the development of concern for others: Disentangling positive parenting in two predominantly white, North American Samples
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Mother's positive parenting predicts children's development of concern for others; however, it is unclear which distinct positive parenting behaviors contribute to children's concern for others. We examined the bidirectional associations between mothers’ warmth and reasoning and children's concern toward an adult in distress at 4 and 6 years. We tested these associations in two independent samples with parallel methods, a U.S. community sample (Study 1, N = 83, 44% female, 73.6% White, median income range = $75,000–$90,000 USD) and a Canadian sample at risk for externalizing problems (Study 2, N = 98, 50% female, 82.7% White, median income range = $70,000–$80,000 CND). Child gender and externalizing problems were examined as moderators of these bidirectional socialization processes. In Study 1, a cross‐lagged model (CLM) found that maternal warmth positively predicted children's concern for others over 2 years, whereas children's concern for others inversely predicted future maternal reasoning. Multigroup comparisons found these lagged effects were unique to boys only. Study 2 partially replicated Study 1, revealing fully bidirectional socialization effects unique to boys. Maternal reasoning positively predicted the development of boys’ concern for others over 2 years, and boys’ greater concern for others at age 4 elicited greater maternal reasoning over 2 years. Maternal warmth positively predicted concern for others only for children with elevated externalizing problems. These findings support a differentiated approach to positive parenting research, revealing that distinct parenting behaviors may meet individual child needs uniquely.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".