Superhydrophilic Electrospun Polyamide-Imide Membranes for Efficient Oil/Water Separation under Gravity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The efficient separation of oil/water mixtures by membrane technology is highly dependent on the performance of membrane materials. The emergence of electrospinning has opened up opportunities for designing super porous structures with excellent oil/water separation efficiency. Herein, we prepared electrospun nanofibrous membranes using a highly hydrophilic and thermomechanically stable polyamide-imide (PAI) polymers. The fabricated membranes by a set of optimized electrospinning processes were examined in the gravity-driven separation of various oil/water emulsions. The effect of polymer concentration on fiber diameter and porosity of membranes was evaluated. It was observed that increasing the PAI concentration in the electrospinning dope resulted in the fabrication of membranes with larger fibers and a larger pore size. The fiber diameter and thus, the porosity and pore size of the membrane influenced the flux and separation efficiency during filtration. The membrane with a 12% PAI concentration (EM1) showed a lower flux, whereas the 21% PAI membrane (EM4) offered a higher flux but lower separation efficiency. The membranes exhibited excellent underwater antioil adhesion behavior by completely repelling n -hexane, mineral oil, n -hexadecane, and gasoline droplets from their prewetted surfaces. Compared to other membranes, the 15% PAI membrane (EM2) was found to strike a balance between water flux and oil rejection while also exhibiting strong resistance to oil fouling, as evidenced by its relatively lower flux decline (FD) and higher flux recovery ratio (FRR) when filtering various emulsions. The EM2 membrane demonstrated an excellent pure water flux of 800 to 900 L/m 2 h (LMH) and an emulsion flux of 380 to 410 LMH. The FRR and oil rejection of the membrane were 91–97 and >99%, respectively. Moreover, the prepared membrane was stable at pH 3 to 9 with a consistent separation performance. The EM2 membrane was also utilized for n -hexane/water emulsion separation in cyclic tests and provided stable oil rejection and FRR after 10 cycles, demonstrating the high potential of this membrane in real oil/water emulsion separation processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".