The Causes of Optic Disc Edema in Patients Presenting With Significantly Compromised Vision
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the most common causes of optic disc edema (ODE) in patients with significantly compromised vision (initial best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA] of 20/400 or worse) at presentation. METHODS: Retrospective chart review over a 5-year period of consecutive patients presenting to tertiary neuro-ophthalmology clinics at the University of Toronto. RESULTS: A total of 656 patients with ODE were included, and 49 patients (7.47%) had an initial BCVA of 20/400 or worse. There were 54 eyes included at baseline and 49 eyes at final follow-up. There were 29 female and 20 male patients. The mean age at first visit across patients was 55.9 years. Female patients (n = 29) were significantly older than male patients (n = 20) ( P < 0.05). The causes of ODE were optic neuritis (ON) (n = 22; 40.7%), nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) (n = 22; 40.7%), arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION) (n = 5; 9.26%), uveitis-related (n = 3; 5.56%), papilledema from idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) (n = 1; 1.85%), and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (n = 1; 1.85%). Initial BCVA was not significantly different between ON and NAION groups ( P = 0.52); however, final BCVA was significantly better in the ON group ( P < 0.0001). The mean initial BCVA was worst in the AAION group (2.62 ± 0.54 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution). The most common cause of ODE in patients <40 years old was ON (83.3%), whereas the 2 most common causes in patients >80 were NAION (60%) and AAION (40%). In patients between the ages of 60-80, NAION (100%) was the only cause. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ODE and poor vision at presentation represent a minority of cases seen in neuro-ophthalmology clinics (<10%). Optic neuritis and NAION are the 2 most common causes of ODE with poor vision at presentation. These findings are limited by a small sample size and potential sampling bias.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".