294 KISS1 Knockout Boars Have Decreased Concentrations of Gonadotropins Leading to Smaller Testes and Reduced Skatole in Backfat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In swine production, boars are castrated to prevent boar taint from testicular androgens and skatole accumulation in fat. Kisspeptin (KISS1) regulates secretion of gonadotropins and gonadal steroids. We used boars from our line of KISS1-/-pigs (10.3389/fgene.2022.1078991) to understand how loss of KISS1 function affects compounds causing boar taint. Boars were fed ad libitum during development. Body weights and testicular volume (TV) were collected at weaning, 40, 70, 100, 130, 160, and 190 d of age using TV = 4/3*π *a*b2*2 and subtracting scrotal skin thickness measured by a Harpenden skinfold caliper. Average daily gain (ADG) was calculated by subtracting the beginning from ending body weight at each age range and dividing by the number of days. At each age, a blood serum sample was collected by jugular venipuncture to quantify changes in hormones during development. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone were quantified with radioimmunoassay and analyzed as repeated measures with genotype (KISS1+/+; KISS1+/-; KISS1-/-; n = 8 – 20 animals per genotype) and age as the fixed effects. Concentrations of androstenone and skatole in backfat (quantified using ELISA and HPLC, respectively) were log transformed and analyzed with ANOVA. Body weight did not differ among KISS1 genotypes but increased normally with age (P < 0.0001). During development, KISS1+/+ and KISS1+/- boars grew at similar rates. Although the ADG of KISS1-/-boars was similar to other genotypes up to 160 d of age, ADG was reduced at 190 d of age (age x genotype; P < 0.05). Mean concentrations of LH and FSH in KISS1+/+ and KISS1+/- boars were similar throughout development (LH, 1.16 ±0.11 and 1.34 ± 0.17 ng/mL; FSH, 0.88 ± 0.06 and 0.89 ± 0.05 ng/mL, respectively), and were greater than KISS1-/- boars (LH, 0.38 ± 0.23 ng/mL; FSH, 0.56 ± 0.07 ng/mL; P < 0.05). TV of KISS1+/+ and KISS1+/- boars did not differ during development and was greater than KISS1-/- boars (P < 0.05), for which testes could not be palpated after 100 d of age. Testosterone concentrations in KISS1+/+ and KISS1+/- increased 40-fold during development but were below detectable limits in KISS1-/- boars (age x genotype; P = 0.06). Androstenone and skatole in KISS1-/- boars (0.30 ± 1.24 µg/g and 12.6 ± 1.6 ng/g, respectively) at 190 d of age was less (P < 0.0001) than in KISS1+/+ and KISS1+/- boars (androstenone, 4.33 ± 1.16 µg/g; skatole, 69.2 ± 1.2 ng/g), which did not differ from one another. Thus, a single functional allele of KISS1 is sufficient to confer normal secretion of reproductive hormones, testicular growth, and skatole in boars. Moreover, knocking out the KISS1 gene will prevent boar taint, but might slightly reduce growth in later stages of development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".