The effect of <scp>NaCl</scp> and <scp>HPAM</scp> solution concentration on <scp>HPAM</scp> gel structure degradation by ultrasonic waves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The present study evaluated the impact of ultrasonic waves on the degradation of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) gel structures, focusing on the effects of sonication time, NaCl concentration, and HPAM solution concentration. Results showed that both sonication time and salinity levels play a crucial role in the degradation of HPAM gel, with an increase in sonication time leading to a decrease in the remaining gel and the presence of NaCl in the solution decreasing the residual time required for degradation. The results also revealed that higher levels of salinity expedite the degradation of the gel. In addition, the study discovered that a rise in polymer solution concentration usually results in a reduction in gel degradation. The research suggests there might be an ideal combination of polymer solution and NaCl concentration for achieving the greatest decrease in the degradation rate. For 2‐min sonication, as the salinity of the HPAM solution, with a concentration of up to 5000 ppm, increases, the accumulated energy remains relatively constant. However, when the polymer solution concentration is increased, the accumulated energy becomes more sensitive to changes in salinity. The results of this study provide valuable insight into the interplay between polymer solution concentration, salt concentration, and the energy required for gel degradation, which can be applied in various fields including the oil and gas industry, petroleum processing, and environmental remediation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".