Coloring of Mahogany (Swietenia Macrophylla King.) on Textiles with Mordant Process and Fixation Against Fastness
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the color fastness of mahogany dye on various fabrics (cotton, rayon, silk) in response to sunlight exposure, soap washing, and staining subsequent to mordanting and fixation with alum and lime solutions. The research followed a systematic approach comprising material sorting, drying, pulverization, and powder creation and sifting. Sawdust from mahogany was subjected to Soxhlet extraction with ethanol as the medium at a temperature of 78.4 for a duration of 4 hours. This process yielded a filtrate, which was subsequently concentrated via distillation. Prior to the dyeing process, each fabric was mordanted using a solution of alum and lime. The dyeing process was repeated five times, after which the fabric was air-dried. The fixation process involved the immersion of cotton, rayon, and silk fabrics in various concentrations of alum and lime (40g/l, 50g/l, 60g/l, and 70g/l), followed by aeration. The UV Vis spectrometry absorbance test revealed an absorbance of 0.545A for the distilled mahogany dyes, with a yield of 7.653%. Results indicated a noteworthy sunlight fastness rating of 4.8, achieved with a lime fixative solution at concentrations of 40g/l for cotton and 70g/l for silk. Soap washing resistance was found to be optimal (4.8) on silk fabric treated with lime solution at concentrations of 50g/l and 60g/l. Stain resistance was observed to be highest on rayon fabric (4.7) across all concentrations of lime solution (40g/l, 50g/l, 60g/l, and 70g/l). Mahogany dyeing with an alum solution fixative tended to yield a brown color on cotton and rayon, while silk fabric displayed an orange hue. On silk fabrics, the application of a lime fixative solution resulted in a dark brown color at a lime concentration of 70g/l. This study provides insights into the color fastness of mahogany dye on different fabrics and the influence of various mordanting and fixation solutions, contributing to the broader understanding of natural dye application in textile.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".