Bibliographic record
Abstract
The eighteenth century began and ended with failed impeachment attempts. In 1701 Lords Portland, Orford, Halifax and Somers all survived efforts to impeach them for their roles in negotiating the Partition Treaties. At the end of the period, there was the marathon attempt to impeach Warren Hastings. Between these two extremes, the period witnessed a clutch of impeachments, beginning with that of the firebrand cleric, Henry Sacheverell, and ending with proceedings against the rebellious Jacobite lords in the mid-1740s. It is striking that there were not more attempts to impeach in the years after 1747 and that neither obvious examples like John Wilkes or Lord George Gordon were proceeded against in this fashion. Beginning with the impeachment of Henry Sacheverell and culminating with the trial of Lord Lovat in 1747, this chapter will consider the circumstances in which impeachment was employed and why, in spite of threats to use it again, impeachment then went into abeyance for 40 years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".