Potential impacts of hydrogen band EMIC waves on the ion velocity distributions: MMS observations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, the influence of the hydrogen (H+) band electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves on the hydrogen and helium velocity distributions has been studied. The hydrogen band EMIC waves have been investigated in the inner magnetosphere using the magnetospheric multiscale mission. The EMIC waves for the frequency range typical frequency have been frequently observed in the Earth's magnetosphere and have received considerable attention for energy transport across the magnetosphere. In this manuscript, we studied the velocity distribution of cold/hot proton and helium ions at different times of the event under consideration. For cold (1–600 eV) hydrogen ions, the velocity distribution is directly proportional to the growth rate of the EMIC wave, whereas the hot (1–40 keV) hydrogen ions have a ring distribution, which are not strongly influenced by the growth of EMIC waves like cold hydrogen ions, but the helium (1 eV–40 keV) ions are rarely influenced by EMIC waves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".