Preparation and Characterization of CdS Thin Films at Varying Molarities Using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, thin films of Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) were prepared on glass substrates at a temperature of 350℃ using the Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) technique.Cadmium chloride and thiourea were used as sulfur sources.The structural properties and surface morphology of the CdS thin films were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).The XRD analysis revealed that all the prepared films exhibited a polycrystalline hexagonal structure, with multiple peaks and angles, and a preferred orientation along the (002) direction.The XRD results also indicated that an increase in the solution concentration led to a significant increase in intensity and a slight increase in the crystallite size of the CdS film.AFM analysis was performed to investigate the surface structure of the films.The results showed that as the molarity increased, the surface roughness, grain size, and root mean square (RMS) roughness increased.This can be attributed to the increased molar concentration, which resulted in a slight increase in droplet size.However, despite these surface roughness variations, the prepared films can still be used as windows in Optical applications and Gas Sensors.The optical properties, including transmittance, absorbance, and band gap energy, were determined by measuring the absorbance spectrum using a UV-Visible Spectrophotometer within the wavelength range of 300 nm to 1100 nm.The CdS films exhibited transmittance values ranging from approximately 76% to 35%.The band gap energy of the films ranged between 1.85 eV and 2.38 eV.It was observed that as the concentration increased, the transmittance decreased and the absorbance spectrum increased, indicating a narrower band gap energy.Our findings suggest that controlling the molarity in the Chemical Spray Pyrolysis method can influence the structural and optical properties of CdS thin films, potentially impacting their use.in Optical applications and Gas Sensors.So, the optimal molar concentration for the preparation of the CdS film was found to be 0.03 M for both cadmium chloride and thiourea.This is achieved through the results of textural and optical properties.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".