Effect of Cu-Doping Levels on the Structural and Optical Properties of SnO2 Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this research, chemical pyrolysis method was employed to synthesize nanocrystalline pure SnO2 and copper-doped SnO2 films (at different doping levels: 3%, 5%, and 7%) on glass substrates at 350° C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results reveal the prepared films are polycrystalline with a tetragonal crystal structure and the intensity of peaks decreased with increased doping ratio of copper.Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) results confirm that the particle size decreases as Cu-doping increase.EDX images show the presence of Sn, Cu, and O in the structures of the prepared films.Optical results show acceptable transmittance at the middle of the visible region (80% for 7% Cu doping).Additionally, the optical energy gap of the pure SnO2 was calculated to be 3.75 eV, and this energy gap increased to 3.90 eV with higher levels of Cu doping.The absorption coefficient decreased as the Cu doping concentration increased.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".