Ruthenium co-anchored by nitrogen and oxygen on lignin derived carbon for high-efficient hydrogen evolution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Developing efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial to hydrogen production by water electrolysis. Ruthenium (Ru) supported on nitrogenated carbon catalysts as well as the active sites on them have been widely investigated in HER. Nevertheless, the loading of Ru is still high and some oxygen species usually exist in the nitrogenated carbon and their roles are seldom discussed. Herein, we report a novel HER catalyst of 2 wt% Ru/CNO that Ru clusters uniformly dispersed on O-rich nitrogenated carbon (O-rich CN) synthesized from renewable lignin and low-cost melamine . In 1.0 M aqueous KOH, it presents low overpotential of 13 mV at 10 mA cm −2 , comparing to that of 39 mV on a commercial 20 wt% Pt/C catalyst. In particular, it also exhibits low value of 659 mV and excellent stability at a large current density of 2000 mA cm −2 . The combination of various spectroscopic experiments and density functional theory calculations reveals that Ru cluster co-anchored by nitrogen and oxygen is the active site. This study unveils the crucial role of O in nitrogenated carbon to HER and demonstrates a lignin derived carbon as an excellent electrocatalyst support, supplying a strategy for developing high-efficient HER catalysts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".