The influence of physical activity and sex on carotid artery longitudinal wall motion in younger healthy adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carotid artery longitudinal wall motion (CALM) is a novel preclinical marker for atherosclerosis that describes the axial anterograde and retrograde motion of the intima–media complex. While regular physical activity and sex are known to independently influence arterial stiffness, their roles on axial arterial wall behaviour are unknown. The purpose of this study is to examine whether physical activity and sex impact CALM. We hypothesized that CALM retrograde displacement and total amplitude would be greater in females and active individuals, as a function of arterial stiffness. Fifty-seven young healthy adults (30 females; aged 22 ± 3 years) were evaluated for CALM outcomes and arterial stiffness and grouped by physical activity based on active (V̇O2 = 44.2 ± 8.9 mL/kg/min) or sedentary (V̇O2 = 33.7 ± 6.7 mL/kg/min) lifestyles defined by the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines. Arterial stiffness and CALM were measured by carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and vascular ultrasound at the right common carotid artery with speckle tracking analysis, respectively. cfPWV was greater in males ( p < 0.01) with no interaction between sex and physical activity ( p = 0.90). CALM anterograde displacement was greater in males ( p = 0.03) resulting in a forward shift in total CALM pattern, which became less prominent when controlling for mean arterial pressure ( p = 0.06). All other CALM outcomes were not different between activity and sex. V̇O2max was not correlated to any CALM outcome (all p > 0.05). Apparent sex differences in vascular function extend to novel CALM outcomes but may be confounded by blood pressure. We recommend sex-balanced design and reporting in future studies due to possible anterograde-shifted CALM patterns in healthy males.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".