Treaty Rights as a Source for First Nation Social and Economic Development: The Marshall Decision in Atlantic Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent decades, First Nations across Canada have used a variety of instruments to rebuild their economies and societies, not without a struggle but also with measurable success. These instruments include levers like certain provisions of the Indian Act related to taxation on reserve, the pursuit of specific and comprehensive land claims, Treaty Land Entitlement settlements that have provided an avenue for the creation of urban-based reserves and business development, and Aboriginal and treaty rights recognized by the Supreme Court. It is the latter that is the subject of this article, especially the two Marshall decisions issued by the Court in 1999, which recognized the treaty right of First Nations in the Maritime region to fish for a moderate livelihood.2 In this article, we will describe the decision, the reaction to it from various parties, ongoing flashpoints that have the potential to generate tension and conflict, and some possible paths forward.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.035 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.014 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".