The evolution of isolated cavities and hydraulic connection at the glacier bed – Part 1: Steady states and friction laws
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Models of subglacial drainage and of cavity formation generally assume that the glacier bed is pervasively hydraulically connected. A growing body of field observations indicates that this assumption is frequently violated in practice. In this paper, I use an extension of existing models of steady-state cavitation to study the formation of hydraulically isolated, uncavitated, low-pressure regions of the bed, which would become flooded if they had access to the subglacial drainage system. I also study their natural counterpart, hydraulically isolated cavities that would drain if they had access to the subglacial drainage system. I show that connections to the drainage system are made at two different sets of critical effective pressure, a lower one at which uncavitated low-pressure regions connect to the drainage system and a higher one at which isolated cavities do the same. I also show that the extent of cavitation, determined by the history of connections made at the bed, has a dominant effect on basal drag while remaining outside the realm of previously employed basal friction laws: changes in basal effective pressure alone may have a minor effect on basal drag until a connection between a cavity and an uncavitated low-pressure region of the bed is made, at which point a drastic and irreversible drop in drag occurs. These results point to the need to expand basal friction and drainage models to include a description of basal connectivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".