Wireworm feeding behaviours: the capacity of Hypnoidus bicolor to damage soybean under different environmental conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Important agricultural pests in the Canadian Prairies, wireworms are the soil-living larvae of click beetles. Several notable species are found within the Prairies, with Hypnoidus bicolor being the most ubiquitous in most parts of the region. Despite their prevalence, H. bicolor is often disregarded as a significant pest species due to their comparatively small larval sizes. However, few studies have directly assessed the capacity of wireworms to cause damage to particular crop(s), and thus far no such studies have been undertaken for H. bicolor. We therefore carried out laboratory experiments under controlled environmental conditions, with soil and wireworms transplanted from the field, to determine the capability of H. bicolor to damage soybean. As expected, wireworm damage was strongly associated with larval densities, with more severe soybean injury occurring in the presence of greater numbers of H. bicolor. Further, feeding damage to soybean by H. bicolor was greater at lower temperatures (10 °C and 20 °C) than at higher temperatures (30 °C). In terms of soil texture, soybean grown in loam and silt soils were the most susceptible to wireworm damage and those grown in clay soil were the least affected. Although the larvae are not capable of damaging soybean to the same extent as other Prairie pest species, Limonius californicus and Hypnoidus abbreviatus, in high enough densities and under ideal environmental conditions H. bicolor can significantly impact soybean growth. Overall, our study suggests that soybean is susceptible to considerable wireworm damage and H. bicolor is an under recognized pest species of this legume.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".