Septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint: a systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to describe the history, clinical presentation, laboratory examination, treatment, and long-term functional characteristics of patients with septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint (SATMJ). Methods: All articles in the English literature on SATMJ were queried using PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar (2013 to 8 March 2023), and the keywords "temporomandibular OR TMJ AND septic arthritis". Articles are included if related to the SATMJ in patients of all ages, using case reports, case series, and cohort studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was applied to all included investigations. Article selection followed PRISMA’s guidelines for measuring the quality of systematic reviews. Results: A preliminary literature search yielded 220 results, of which 25 matched the inclusion requirements, and one more came via reference checking. There were 25 cases with a mean age of 26.7 years (0.1 to 85). Symptoms mainly consisted of TMJ/preauricular pain (n=17, 42.5%), trismus (n=20, 50%), and facial/preauricular swelling (n=24, 60%). Most patients had no systemic symptoms (n=16, 40%). The average mouth opening measured 16.3 mm (5 to 36). The diagnosis was made using the following imaging techniques: X-ray (n=6, 15%), CT scan (n=33, 82.5%), MRI (n=16, 40%), and ultrasound (n=1, 2.5%). Staphylococcus aureus (n = 10, 25%) was the most frequently isolated. Approximately 40 patients (100%) received antibiotics, 26 (65%) patients underwent surgery (e.g., joint aspiration, arthroscopy, etc.), of which two patients (5%) required further surgical intervention. In general, long-term results were positive. In 10 of the 40 patients (25%) who had documented follow-up, sequelae occurred. Conclusion: In the event of trismus, jaw pain, or preauricular edema, SATMJ should be considered. Quick examination and broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment are part of management. Although surgery is not always necessary, it can be life-saving in serious circumstances.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.027 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.012 | 0.014 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".