TCAD simulations of internal amplification in high purity germanium detectors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Simulations of internal amplification processes in high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors for gamma radiation are presented. The Synopsys Sentaurus Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) package was employed to study conditions favourable to charge multiplication within volume of the detector. The physics model was developed, and validated where possible against known results from existing literature. The model was then applied to a new detector and a systematic study of the measurable parameters influencing charge collection and electric field profile was performed. Evidence of the internal amplification in the developed HPGe detector model was demonstrated at 4 kV bias voltage with anode diameter below 100 μm, corresponding to 16 kV/cm electric field and when an additional dopant with concentrations >5×1010cm−3 under the anode implanted. These effects were also simulated and observed in silicon detectors, giving additional confidence in the validity of the findings for germanium, presented in this work.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".