Multi‐Decadal Record of Sensible‐Heat Polynya Variability From Satellite Optical and Thermal Imagery at Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Open ocean areas surrounded by sea ice and maintained by ocean heat, or sensible‐heat polynyas, are linked to key ice‐sheet processes, such as ice‐shelf basal melt and ice‐shelf fracture, when they occur near ice‐shelf fronts. However, the lack of detailed multi‐year records of polynya variability prevent assessing coupling between polynya and frontal dynamics. Here, we present the first multi‐decadal polynya area record (2000–2022) at Pine Island Glacier (PIG), West Antarctica, from thermal and optical satellite imagery. We found substantial interannual variability in polynya area, with consistencies in the timing of polynya opening, maximal extent, and closing. Furthermore, the largest polynya in our record (269 km2) occurred at PIG's western margin just 68 days before iceberg B‐27 calved, suggesting that polynya size and position may influence rifting dynamics. Our new data set provides a pathway to assess coevolving polynya and frontal dynamics, demonstrating the importance of building long‐term, year‐round polynya variability records.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".