Sociology as the foundation of leisure studies: A critical analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sociology has been identified in the extant literature as the foundation upon which leisure studies has been based. This paper assesses the validity of this claim. It does so by examining the departmental affiliation of the authors who have published in the double-blind peer-reviewed journals in the leisure studies field. Analysis of the data suggests that in the early years of the journals, in the early 1970s, sociologists represented a large component of the authors of the published articles. However, the presence of authors based in sociology departments rapidly declined thereafter. Overall, the results highlighted in this paper question the idea that sociology is the foundation of leisure studies while identifying those situated in sociology departments as a strong component of the authors publishing in the early years of the field’s journals, albeit one that has declined since then.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.028 | 0.036 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.016 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.038 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.016 | 0.016 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".