Regime Shifting by Multinational Corporations within Constitutional Courts in Developing Countries: Analysing Tobacco Litigation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Increasing awareness of the harms associated with tobacco led governments around the world to introduce a range of measures, from smoke free laws to restrictions in the advertisement of tobacco products, especially in the wake of signing the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ( FCTC ). The tobacco industry began challenging this growth of regulation in international courts and courts in developed countries. More recently, they have brought the fight to low- and middle-income countries. Using constitutional case analysis from tobacco litigation in South Africa, India, Uganda and Kenya, this article argues that there is increasing evidence that tobacco companies are engaged in vertical forum shifting through a reappropriation of constitutional rights from corporations. This we argue, has had an adverse impact on human rights in low- and middle-income countries. We end this article by boldly calling on courts to find (and limit) the kinds of rights that are to apply to corporations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".