Mechanistic Insights into the Phase Formation of an Atypical Iron Oxynitride (Fe<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub><i>y</i></sub>N<sub><i>z</i></sub>) System and Its Multifunctional Photocatalytic Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Apart from metal oxides, materials with different anionic setups such as metal chalcogenides and metal oxyhalides have been largely explored for photocatalytic applications. In this direction, metal oxynitrides also exhibit interesting properties, and the development of the oxynitride phase of the conventional metal oxides has gained significant interest in photocatalysis research. In this context, an iron oxynitride (Fe x O y N z ) system is developed from iron nitride (Fe x N) via solid-state annealing at relatively low temperatures. The formation of the oxynitride phase is driven by the partial replacement of lattice nitrogen with oxygen, which is confirmed via the new peaks appearing in the XRD patterns followed by the Rietveld refinement analysis. The XPS analysis of the samples indicated that the oxynitride phase is stabilized via the N 3– -Fe 3+/2+ -O 2– network in the system. The structure–property relationship of the formed iron oxynitride phase is analyzed by using various optical (UV–vis, PL, and TRPL), photoelectrochemical (CV, LSV, EIS, photocurrent, Mott–Schottky), surface (BET), and magnetic property (SQUID) analysis techniques. These obtained results suggest that the iron nitride counterpart synergistically contributed to the overall enhancements in the properties of the resulting oxynitride phase. Consequently, the photocatalytic properties of the developed iron nitride, oxide, and oxynitride systems are studied for dye degradation and H 2 generation under solar irradiation. A maximum of ∼97% dye degradation in 180 min and an evolution of H 2 at a rate of 897.6 μmol g –1 h –1 are observed over the developed iron oxynitride system, and the rate of evolution of H 2 is greater than those in the bare iron oxide (790.8 μmol g –1 h –1 ) and nitride (664.8 μmol g –1 h –1 ) systems. The observed improved magnetic properties and photostabilities of the synthesized Fe x O y N z system enabled its easy recovery and reusability, which are confirmed through postcharacterizations. The insights gained from various characterizations and experimental studies suggest that the iron oxynitride could be considered an atypical pristine system rather than a modified system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".