Determinants of internet banking usage in emerging markets: Evidence from Egypt
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the determinants of internet banking (IB) usage in emerging markets under five determinants that include demographic characteristics of bank clients, perceived risk, financial awareness, the bank's technology infrastructure, and perceived relative advantages of internet banking in Egypt. In accordance with a qualitative approach; a questionnaire was designed including five distinct variables of internet banking usage. The questionnaire was administered to the clients of Egyptian banks within the first quarter of 2023, with a total response of 384 participants. The study found that the perceived risk, financial awareness, the bank's technology infrastructure, and perceived relative advantages of internet banking have a significant effect on the attitudes of clients' usage of internet banking (IB) in Egypt. In addition to age, educational qualification, and occupation. Financial awareness and the demographic characteristics of age have a significant effect on the attitudes of clients' usage of internet banking in Egypt, but monthly income and gender have no significance in Egypt. Internet banking presents an opportunity for bank units to achieve entrepreneurial endeavours by providing benefits to their clients and to the overall economy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".