Consumption of an EPA and DHA Rich Diet Rescues Changes in White Adipose Tissue Lipid Metabolism and Oxylipin Production Induced in Fads2‐null Mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) influence lipid metabolism and inflammatory signaling pathways in white adipose tissue (WAT). Alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the three primary dietary omega‐3 PUFAs that have wide‐ranging functions in humans. There is currently a limited understanding of the independent effects of individual omega‐3 PUFAs because ALA is continuously converted endogenously into EPA and DHA via the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) pathway. The fatty acid desaturase 2 gene ( Fads2 ) encodes the rate‐limiting delta‐6 desaturase enzyme in this pathway. This study examined the role of Fads2 on WAT omega‐3 PUFA metabolism and whether the consumption of a diet supplemented with menhaden oil (MD), which is rich in EPA and DHA, could rescue changes in WAT associated with a Fads2 deficiency. Weaned Fads2 knockout ( Fads2 − / −) and wild type (WT) mice were fed one of two low fat (7% w/w) AIN93G diets for 9 weeks containing either flaxseed oil + ARASCO (FD, 55% ALA) or menhaden oil (MD, 30% EPA/DHA). RT‐qPCR was used to analyze expression of genes related to PUFA metabolism. Thin‐layer and gas chromatography were used to measure fatty acid content in the phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions in WAT. Analysis of oxylipins was undertaken using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Western blotting was performed for delta‐5‐desaturase (D5D) protein quantification. Fads2 −/− mice fed FD had increased expression of Fads1 and Elovl2 , and decreased expression of Elovl5 genes (p<0.05). These changes were abrogated with MD feeding. Estimated D5D activity (arachidonic acid: dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid ratio) was increased in Fads2 −/− mice fed FD in WAT (p<0.05), but this change was not mirrored in FADS1 protein content. EPA and DHA levels were depleted in WAT of Fads2 −/− mice fed FD, as were their derived oxylipins; however, feeding Fads2 − / − mice MD restored both omega‐3 PUFA and oxylipin profiles. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that Fads2 has an important role regulating omega‐3 PUFA and oxylipin content in WAT. Moreover, changes in WAT associated with a Fads2 deficiency can be rescued with a nutritional intervention containing EPA and DHA. Support or Funding Information This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".