Lingonberry Anthocyanins Protect Cardiac Cells from Oxidative Stress‐Induced Apoptosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lingonberry grown in Canada contains exceptionally high levels of anthocyanins, the pigments that give the berries their red color, as well as other polyphenols, including resveratrol, quercetin, and proanthocyanidins, which may have antioxidant properties. Anthocyanin‐rich diets have been shown to be associated with decreased cardiovascular disease and overall mortality. Oxidative stress plays an important role in cardiovascular disease by impairing function and triggering apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. In this study, we investigated whether physiologically relevant doses of pure anthocyanins and lingonberry extracts could protect H9c2 cardiomyoblasts from oxidative stress‐induced cell death. Anthocyanins were added at 10 ng mL −1 (20 nmol L −1 ) to cell culture media prior to induction of oxidative stress with 600 μM hydrogen peroxide. After 2 hours of hydrogen peroxide treatment, apoptosis and necrosis were detected in H9c2 cells via flow cytometry using FLICA 660 caspase 3/7 combined with YO‐PRO‐1 to allow differentiation between viable, early apoptotic, late apoptotic, and necrotic cells. Apoptosis was confirmed using Hoechst 33258 and fluorescence microscopy. Each of the three major anthocyanins found in lingonberry, cyanidin‐3‐galactoside, cyandin‐3‐glucoside, and cyanidin‐3‐arabinoside, was protective against hydrogen peroxide‐induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells at 10 ng mL −1 and preserved the number of viable cells to match the non‐hydrogen peroxide‐treated group. A combination of the three anthocyanins tested at 10 ng mL −1 was also protective. A lingonberry extract tested at three concentrations produced a dose‐dependent protective effect. This study demonstrates that lingonberry anthocyanins could protect cardiac cells from oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis and may have cardioprotective effects. Support or Funding Information AAFC Project ID J‐001297
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".