Characterization of Aquaporin Expression and Function in the Malpighian Tubules of the Larval Mosquito, <i>Aedes aegypti</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The mosquito, Aedes aegypti , is the primary vector for the arboviral diseases Zika, dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever that affect millions of people worldwide. The larvae of A. aegypti reside in hypo‐osmotic freshwater habitats, where they face dilution of bodily fluids due to the influx of water. The Malpighian tubules (MTs) are one of the major contributors to osmoregulation, whereby, they function in concert with the rectum, to remove excess water from the hemolymph, thus maintaining ionic homeostasis. The epithelium of the Malpighian tubules actively transports ions from the hemolymph into the lumen which creates an osmotic gradient that drives paracellular and transcellular water movement in the same direction. Our previous study has shown that this transcellular water transport occurs through at least one of the six aquaporins (AQP) that A. aegypti possesses, AQP5. In the present study, the function of other AQPs with high relative mRNA abundance in the MTs were studied with the aid of double stranded RNA knockdown. The MT fluid secretion rate and ionic composition of secreted fluid were assessed using Ramsay assay and ion selective microelectrode (ISME), respectively. Hemolymph ion concentrations and larval survival were measured to gauge effects of AQP knockdown on osmoregulation in the larvae. Water transport across the Malpighian tubules of the larval mosquito is a critical physiological process because it is the first essential step in eliminating the excess water, a consequence of living in hypo‐osmotic habitats. Our study sheds light on the relative contribution of AQPs in this vital process. Support or Funding Information Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) discovery grant awarded to Andrew Donini
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".