Influence of Ischaemia‐Reperfusion Injury on the Subsequent Response to Local Heating in Non‐Glabrous and Glabrous Skin of the Index Finger
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ischaemia‐reperfusion (I‐R) injury has been implicated in the pathophysiology of many clinical conditions including frostbite and non‐freezing cold injuries. The increased oxidative stress and inflammation associated with I‐R injury may contribute to impaired restoration of blood flow and tissue recovery in the hands and feet during rewarming through alterations in neurovascular and/or endothelial function. This may be reflected in an altered blood flow response to local skin heating, which is characterized by an initial vasodilatory peak that is primarily controlled by an axon reflex, followed by a secondary plateau that is influenced mainly by nitric oxide release from the endothelium. In ten participants we examined the responses to local heating in non‐glabrous and glabrous skin of the index finger following 20 minutes of ischaemia induced by inflating (220 mmHg) a standard blood pressure cuff around the arm and compared these with a time‐matched sham (non‐ischaemia) trial. Red blood cell flux, an index of skin blood flow, was examined using laser‐Doppler probes with integrated local heating units. Flux values were then divided by mean arterial pressure and reported as cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC). Local heating was initiated prior to ischaemia and 20 minutes after the release of cuff occlusion at separate skin sites. At each site local temperature was controlled at 33°C and then increased (3°C min −1 ) to 42°C and held for ~30 min. Following this, local temperature was increased to 44°C for 20 min. No changes were found in CVC for the initial peak and plateau phases or when heating to 44°C following ischaemia in either skin type (all P>0.05). However, the kinetics of the response were significantly altered by I‐R. Vasodilatory onset was delayed by 24% and 19% for non‐glabrous and glabrous skin, respectively (both P<0.05). Time to initial peak was also delayed by 17% and 11% in non‐glabrous and glabrous skin, respectively, although only the delay in non‐glabrous skin was significant (P<0.05). We conclude that 20 minutes of I‐R injury significantly impairs the kinetics of the response to a rapid, non‐painful local heating stimulus in both non‐glabrous and glabrous skin of the index finger, suggesting an alteration in neurovascular control. This delayed response may be associated with a higher temperature threshold for initiating vasodilation post‐ischaemia and could lead to persistent hypoxic stress during rapid rewarming in association with an increase in local skin temperature, coupled with insufficient tissue perfusion. Support or Funding Information Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada: Discovery Grant (227912‐12, S.S. Cheung)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".