Bibliographic record
Abstract
The sex hormones 17 β‐estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) have all been shown to affect the motility of the gallbladder. A decrease in the motility of the gallbladder has been observed during pregnancy. This decrease in motility was attributed to elevated P levels. Gallstones are also more common in women than men. One suggested reason was that in gallbladders taken from women and men, women have more estrogen receptors than men, as well as, more P receptors than men. Both P and E2 had an inhibitory effect upon gallbladder contractility in men and premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Similar findings have been reported in gallbladder strips taken from male and female guinea pigs. In the present study, using pharmacologic techniques, there was no significant difference in the amount of E2‐, P‐, or DHT‐induced relaxation of CCK‐induced tension when the responses in gallbladder strips from male and female guinea pigs were compared at each concentration used. In addition, 3 metabolites of P were used‐17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17‐P), 20α ‐hydroxyprogesterone (20‐P), and 21‐hydroxyprogesterone (21‐P). There was no significant difference in the responses from strips from male and female guinea pigs at each concentration used. In order to determine if the effects of E2 and P were additive, strips from male animals were exposed to either E2 or P and the amount of relaxation recorded. After recovery the strips were exposed to E2 or P in reverse order to ensure the order of treatment had no effect. After recovery, the strips were treated with both E2 and P simultaneously and the relaxation recorded. This procedure was repeated with strips from female guinea pigs. The effect of E2 and P was found to be additive; suggesting that each hormone was acting through different messenger systems; however, the response of the strips from each sex were not significantly different. It is concluded that the sex of the guinea pig has no significant effect on the response to the sex hormones used. Support or Funding Information Internal Grant
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".