Early Weight Gain, Linear Growth, and Mid‐childhood Blood Pressure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To investigate relations of change in body mass index (BMI) and length/height during 4 early life age intervals (birth to 6mo, 6mo to 1y, 1 to 2y, and 2 to 3y) with mid‐childhood systolic blood pressure (SBP), and to evaluate for effect modification by birth size (birthweight‐for‐gestational age z‐score). Methods We studied 957 participants in Project Viva, an ongoing U.S. pre‐birth cohort. Using multivariable linear regression, we examined the associations of weight gain (change in body mass index [BMI] z‐score) change and linear growth (change in length/height z‐score) during each time period with mid‐childhood SBP, adjusting for maternal education, age, pre‐pregnancy BMI, and smoking; and child's age, sex, race/ethnicity, continuous birthweight‐for‐gestational age z‐score, and growth in preceding periods. We examined interaction of these growth measures with birth size according to small (<10 th percentile of sex‐ and gestational‐age specific birthweight), appropriate (10 th to <90 th percentile), and large‐for‐gestational age (≥90 th percentile). Results Children were 7.9 ± 0.8 years at time of SBP assessment; 50.3% were girls and most were white (65%). Mean ± SD SBP was 94.4 ± 8.8 mmHg and DBP was 54.3 ± 5.7 mmHg. Each additional z‐score gain in BMI from birth to 6mo and 2 to 3y was associated with 0.81 (95% CI: 0.15, 1.46) and 1.61 (0.33, 2.89) mmHg higher systolic SBP, respectively. Gain in length from 1 to 2y was related to higher SBP among boys (2.24 [0.89, 3.60] mmHg per z‐score) but not girls (−0.18 [−1.60, 1.25] mmHg per z‐score). There was no evidence of effect modification by birth size. Conclusions Faster gain in BMI during the first 6 postnatal months and in the preschool years may lead to higher SBP in mid‐childhood, regardless of size at birth. Strategies to reduce accrual of excess adiposity during early life may bring long‐term benefits for cardiovascular health Support or Funding Information This work was supported by the US National Institutes of Health (K24 HD069408, R37 HD 034568, P30 DK092924).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".