Enhanced Mobilization of Endothelial Ca <sup>2+</sup> by SKA‐31 Contributes to the Restoration of Agonist‐mediated Vasorelaxation in Resistance Arteries from Type 2 Diabetic Rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a common early pathogenic event in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In isolated hearts from T2D Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rats, we have observed that SKA‐31, a positive modulator of the endothelial Ca 2+ ‐activated K + (K Ca ) channels K Ca 2.3 and K Ca 3.1, increases total coronary flow and restores agonist‐evoked elevations in flow to the levels observed in Wistar control hearts. The goal of the current study was to investigate the cellular mechanisms by which SKA‐31 restores vascular responsiveness in T2D vessels. In cannulated, myogenically active cremaster and cerebral resistance arteries from 24 week old, male T2D GK rats, and small intra‐thoracic arteries from T2D patients, a threshold concentration of SKA‐31 (0.3 μM) enhanced the ability of 0.3 μM acetylcholine and 0.1 μM bradykinin to inhibit developed tone at 70 mmHg. This effect of SKA‐31 was not disrupted by treatment with L‐NAME (0.1 mM) and indomethacin (10 μM), demonstrating that endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase activities do not contribute to SKA‐31 mediated enhancement of agonist‐evoked vasorelaxation in T2D arteries. Using single cell Fura‐2 fluorescence imaging, we observed that Ca 2+ mobilization evoked by the muscarinic agonist carbachol (1 μM) was significantly impaired in acutely isolated endothelial cells from GK arteries compared with Wistar controls and that treatment with 0.3 μM SKA‐31 was able to reverse this defect in response. Ca 2+ mobilization evoked by the SERCA inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid (20 μM) was not different in endothelial cells from Wistar and T2D GK arteries, suggesting that the internal Ca 2+ store, per se , is not dysfunctional in GK endothelial cells. In summary, we have identified a novel cellular mechanism to restore agonist‐mediated inhibition of myogenic tone in T2D resistance arteries that involves “priming” of endothelial K Ca channels by a small molecule activator (e.g. SKA‐31). Our data further reveal that SKA‐31 is able to augment agonist‐evoked Ca 2+ mobilization in T2D endothelial cells, which likely contributes to the functional restoration of agonist‐evoked vasorelaxation in T2D arteries. Support or Funding Information This study was supported by research funding to APB from the CIHR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".