Stellate and Pyramidal Neurons in Goldfish Telencephalon Respond Differently to Anoxia and GABA Receptor Inhibition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During anoxia the mammalian brain undergoes hyper‐excitability and cell death while the common goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) is anoxia tolerant and by suppressing electrical activity of the brain, prevents excitotoxic cell death. This mechanism in goldfish is not fully understood however they may rely on neurotransmitters and neuromodulators to suppress energy consumption during anoxia. In our experiment we investigated the possible roles of γ‐amino butyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, in goldfish telencephalon neurons during anoxia. Utilizing whole‐cell and perforated patch clamp recording techniques, we found that with anoxia, membrane potential in inhibitory stellate neurons and excitatory pyramidal neurons increased; however, stellate cells became more depolarized and generated action potentials while the pyramidal neurons showed suppressed electrical activity. To further investigate the importance of GABA in anoxic survival, we blocked the GABA A receptors during anoxia using an antagonist (gabazine, 25μM). Gabazine significantly suppresses neuronal activity in stellate neurons and increased action potential firing in the pyramidal cells, suppressing the anoxic response in these neurons. Since membrane potential depolarized with anoxia, we applied GABA (5mM) to both cell types during normoxia and measured changes in membrane potential. We calculated the GABA reversal potential (E GABA ) and observed that with anoxia, membrane potential shifts towards a depolarizing E GABA . We were able to conclude that GABA release during anoxia significantly suppresses neuronal activity and increases anoxic survival. This is an example of natural adaptive mechanism in goldfish which could also be investigated in mammalian brain as a protective mechanism against anoxic injuries. Support or Funding Information discovery accelerator supplement grant
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".