Formononetin Relaxes Cholecystokinin‐ and KCl‐induced Tension in Guinea Pig Gallbladder Strips
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Formononetin, a phytoestrogen and isoflavone, relaxed cholecystokinin octapeptide‐ (CCK) and KCl‐induced tension in a concentration dependent manner. An in vitro technique was used to determine which system(s) mediated the relaxation. Paired t‐tests were used; differences between mean values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Adding formononetin prior to CCK or KCl produced a significant decrease in the amount of tension {1.2±0.07 vs. 0.81±0.05 g CCK, (p<0.001); 0.84±0.04 vs. 0.74±0.05 g KCl, p<0.01}. When the PKC inhibitors bisindolymaleimide IV and chelerythrine Cl − were used together, a significant (p<0.01) reduction in the formononetin‐induced relaxation (78.1±4.5 vs. 69.7±3.4%) was observed. Genistein, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, significantly (p<0.01) decreased the amount of formononetin‐induced relaxation (72.2±6.5 vs. 59.3±6.5%). To determine if PKA mediated the formononetin‐induced relaxation, PKA inhibitor 14–22 amide myristolated (PKA‐IM) was used. PKA‐IM had no significant effect on the amount of formononetin‐induced relaxation. Neither the use of 2‐APB, a blocker of intracellular Ca 2+ release; KT5823, a blocker of PKG; or L‐NMMA, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, had a significant effect on the amount of formononetin‐induced relaxation. The formononetin‐induced relaxation of CCK‐ or KCl‐induced tension was mediated by blocking extracellular Ca 2+ entry which then affected downstream events such as activation of PKC and protein tyrosine kinase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".