Assessment of tannery sludge additions on physico-mechanical properties of clay bricks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study explores the partial replacement of clay by the addition of tannery sludge (TS) and glass in brick preparation. Bricks were prepared with varying weight percentages of TS (9%, 18%, and 27%) along with glass powder (10%) and fired at different temperatures (900, 950, and 1000 °C). Water absorption, compressive strength, weight loss on ignition, volumetric shrinkage, and bulk density of the bricks were found to be in the range of 12.3%–16.8%, 2.3–4.5 MPa, 4%–13.8%, 6%–11%, and 1600–1850 kg/m3, respectively. Heavy metal leaching was observed to be within the limits of United States Environmental Protection Agency 1311 for the prepared bricks. The addition of TS resulted in a decrease of physical and mechanical properties of the bricks due to the decomposition of organic and inorganic compounds. However, the presence of glass powder compensates for the effect of TS by fusion and densification process. The results indicate that hybrid addition of TS and glass can partially replace clay in brick production and effectively immobilize heavy metals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".