Joint Multi-Objective Allocation of Parking Lots and DERs in Active Distribution Network Considering Demand Response Programs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Renewable energy sources (RESs) and electric vehicles (EVs) have been introduced as efficient technologies to address environmentally friendly and sustainable energy sources. However, the widespread integration of distributed renewable sources into the power grid and the growing adoption of EVs pose new challenges for distribution network operators. These challenges necessitate careful management to mitigate their impacts, particularly in meeting the additional demand arising from EV charging. To achieve these targets, it is necessary to strategically integrate RESs and EVs. This study focuses on the optimal allocation and energy management of distributed energy resources (DERs) and electric vehicle parking lots (EVPLs), taking into account the inherent uncertainty in the output power of these resources. Notably, parking lots (PLs) utilize vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology of EVs and aggregate and inject their power into the distribution system. Therefore, EVs as a motion type of energy storage system play a significant role, especially in the on-peak hours. The optimization problem is addressed using the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) while adhering to operational constraints related to the power system, as well as both DERs and EVPLs. The main goal is to simultaneously enhance the technical, economic, and environmental performance of the system, by solving a multi-objective optimization problem. The effectiveness of this approach is evaluated using the IEEE 33-bus distribution system, with the study considering five different scenarios. The simulation results reveal that the planned deployment of DERs, given their proximity to the load centers, has effectively mitigated the overload impacts resulting from EVs’ charging. Furthermore, the implementation of a demand response program (DRP), cooperatively with the aforementioned resources, has significantly improved all key operating indicators of the system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".