Reconfigurable inductorless negative‐refractive‐index transmission‐line metamaterial phase shifter for 5G antenna beam‐steering applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A reconfigurable inductorless negative‐refractive‐index transmission‐line (NRI‐TL) metamaterial phase shifter for sub‐6 GHz 5G antenna applications is proposed. The design consists of a microstrip transmission line loaded both in series and in parallel with varactor diodes to provide continuous tuning of the phase of the transmitted signal by varying the bias voltage applied to the varactors, without the need for variable inductor components. The total measured differential phase shift is 190° at 3.2 GHz, with a measured insertion loss of 1.5–2.7 dB in the frequency range of 3.2–3.6 GHz, when the biasing voltage of the varactors is varied between 0 and 7 V. The total size of the microstrip NRI‐TL phase shifter is 19.4 mm × 24 mm. The proposed reconfigurable phase shifter has been incorporated into the feeding network of a two‐element antenna array to demonstrate its use in beam‐steering applications. The measured results for the reconfigurable array show good impedance matching between 3 and 3.35 GHz for all biasing values, allowing continuous beam steering over a scanning range of 60°.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".