Location and size of constriction in labiovelar, velar, and uvular sounds in French
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the location and size of constriction in the labio-velar sound [w]. While there have been studies exploring constrictions in different sounds including schwa [Gick, 2002, Phonetica 59], /r/ [Epsy-Wilsonet al., 2000, JASA 108], and clicks [Miller et al., 2009, JIPA 39], the understanding of the constriction in labio-velar sound [w] in relation to neighboring sounds is limited. We utilized an MRI corpus of French speech [Isaieva et al., Scientific Data 8] to measure the location and size of the constrictions in [w], [k], [u], and [ʁ]. The MRI video frames were manually traced to mark the upper surface of the tongue and the lower surface of the hard-palate, velum, and uvula, resulting in two contours. Using Euclidean distance, the location and size of the constriction were identified as the narrowest point and distance, respectively, between the two contours. Results confirmed that [w,u] had constrictions against the velum; [k]’s, however, had constrictions fronter than [w,u] (centroids were 0.88au apart on normalized X-Y space), making them more palatal. [ʁ]’s had uvular constrictions, as expected. Regarding constriction size, [w], despite being an approximant consonant, had a more open constriction than the vowel [u].
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".