Hepatitis E in Kathmandu Valley: Insights from a Representative Longitudinal Serosurvey
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hepatitis-E virus (HEV), an etiologic agent of acute inflammatory liver disease, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in South Asia. HEV is considered endemic in Nepal; but data on population-level infection transmission is sparse. We conducted a representative longitudinal serologic study between February 2019 and April 2021 in urban and peri-urban areas of central Nepal to characterize community-level HEV transmission. Individuals were followed up to four times, during which capillary blood samples were collected on dried blood spots and tested for anti-HEV immunoglobulin-G antibodies. Analyzing 2513 dried blood samples from 923 participants aged 0-25 years, we found a seroprevalence of 4.8% and a seroincidence rate of 10.9 per 1000 person-years. Notably, young adults, including women of childbearing age, faced the highest incidence of infection. Geospatial analysis identified potential HEV clusters in Kavre and Kathmandu districts, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. Water source played a crucial role in HEV transmission, with individuals consuming surface water facing the highest risk of seroconversion. Our findings underscore the endemic nature of HEV in Nepal, emphasizing the importance of safe water practices and potential vaccination strategies for high-risk groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".