Phenomenological‐based model of direct blue 2 adsorption on corncob in a fixed‐bed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This work presents a phenomenologically based semi‐physical model (PBSM) for the liquid–solid adsorption process, which has been experimentally validated. Two modes of operation of adsorption of direct blue 2 dye (DB2) on corn cobs in a fixed bed are discussed by applying the PBSM. The first mode of operation is the typical continuous liquid flow, whereas the second is a semicontinuous mode with the recirculation of liquid leaving the column. These modes of operation were used to illustrate different ways in which the system reaches equilibrium conditions. The equilibrium distribution curve (EDC) for low DB2 concentration was reached with the best fit using the Langmuir–Freundlich model (). The local mass transfer coefficient for the solid phase was evaluated by the PBSM deduction, and subsequently, the diffusivity of the surface solid was experimentally evaluated through comparison in terms of the PBSM. Regardless of the mode of operation, surface diffusion is associated with only the nature of the adsorbent material rather than the concentration of the liquid phase. In addition, the PBSM exhibited liquid and solid concentration changes at different points in the column. Moreover, different operating curves of the process were constructed and validated, exhibiting similar results when comparing the predictions of the model and the experimental data. These findings support the strength of the constructed model, enabling its extension to other adsorbent–dye systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".