Three-Dimensional Visualization of a Complex Fracture Network Formed by True-Triaxial Testing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Serial-sectioned images were three-dimensionally reconstructed to visualize the fracture network within an outcropped cube, sourced from the Montney Formation, the largest unconventional natural gas resource in Canada, that was hydraulically fractured in the lab under conditions similar to real field operations. Following the experiment, the fractured cube was saturated with fluorescent materials to distinguish the fracture network from the rock matrix and provide common spatial references for a modified serial-sectioning and photographing method using ultraviolet light. The obtained serial-sectioned images underwent image processing, distortion removal calibration, and image registration for three-dimensional visualization, including reconstruction and segmentation. The results highlighted the significant influence of bedding planes and rock anisotropy on the generated fracture network geometry. These observations have important implications on the evaluation of the stimulated rock volume, as well as on completion strategies, as preferential opening of bedding planes might result in horizontal intra-well connectivity and increase parent-child interactions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".