Yekaterinburg trading and industrial firms (the second half of the 19th century – the early 20th century)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article examines the creation of commercial and industrial firms by Yekaterinburg entrepreneurs. The beginning of this process, which lasted until 1919, was the opening in 1850 of the trading house “Ya. Ryazanov’s Sons”. The largest number of companies appeared at the beginning of the XX century, mainly in the 1910s. In 1850–1919, Yekaterinburg entrepreneurs established about 148 firms – mostly full partnerships and faith-based partnerships. There was also one joint-stock company. In the last quarter of the 19th century, representatives of the merchant class were mainly behind the creation of firms, at the beginning of the 20th century, representatives of other estates, including burghers and peasants, joined this process. The firms established by Yekaterinburg businessmen successfully operated in the trade sphere and various industries. They played a significant role in the development of the economy of Yekaterinburg and the entire Urals. The total number of organized companies indicates a high level of business activity of the population of Yekaterinburg.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".