Bibliographic record
Abstract
Through the greater part of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century the life and work of (Sir) Sandford Fleming's encompassed many different worlds, and often on a global scale.He developed the model for Universal Standard Time.Considered a "larger-than-life" figure of extraordinary passion and vision, he became a highly-skilled railroad engineer.He also had a passion for telegraph systems.In the parlance of the 19th century, he was known as an "Empire builder," and was knighted in 1897 as a distinguished inventor and scientist.In the twentieth century, Fleming became known as a "promoter" and "networker" par excellence.Fleming conversed and worked with everyone from indigenous guides and men constructing railways through the hinterland, to politicians and bureaucrats funding railways, as well as boardroom shareholders and investors, university academics, and on occasion, royalty in an opera box in Paris!Sir Andrew MacPhail once said of Fleming that he may not have been the greatest engineer who ever lived; he was merely "the greatest man who ever concerned himself with engineering." 1 For Fleming, engineering was the link between science and society and integral to his view of knowledge and the use of technology. 2 He saw railways and telegraph cables as part of an overall system of global transportation and communications leading to his model of Universal Standard Time.This commentary focuses on a period in Fleming's life and times when he had arrived in Halifax in late 1863, a time when, later in 1867, the Dominion of Canada was formed and created an urgent need to link the provinces via a railway service, for both communications and defense.In Halifax, Fleming established important friendships and associations that led to him spending many summers in the province with his family and being involved in several large projects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.010 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.102 | 0.037 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".