Reduction of ground surface temperatures beside highway embankments by snow compaction, central Yukon, Canada.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Snowbanks accumulate beside roads in permafrost regions, raise ground temperatures, may degrade permafrost locally, and lead to deterioration of the embankment.Field experiments were conducted at tundra and taiga sites to determine whether compaction of snowbanks by snowmobiles would reduce ground temperatures, as simulated previously by numerical modelling.In taiga, compaction affected the whole snowpack.Mean snow depth was reduced from 71 cm at undisturbed sites to 40 cm in compacted snow.The mean snowpack density increased from 185 kg m -3 to 327 kg m -3 .In tundra, compaction principally affected depth hoar: snow depths were reduced from 70 to 61 cm and densities increased from 271 to 311 kg m -3 .Compaction reduced temperatures by 2 -3 °C at both sites, despite estimated mean thermal resistance reductions of 8.5 to 1.2 m 2 KW -1 in taiga and 5.9 to 3 m 2 KW -1 in tundra, suggesting greater thermal influence of depth hoar in tundra.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".