Scale-up Solutions of 2D Perovskite Photovoltaics: Insights of Multiscale Structures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) perovskites assembled with hydrophobic bulky organic cations demonstrate much enhanced ambient stability and anisotropic carrier transport, making their devices highly promising. However, photovoltaic (PV) devices scaling up to modules using 2D perovskites lag far behind their 3D counterparts. Hence, improving the scalability and efficiency of 2D perovskite PV devices is a challenging topic. In this Perspective, from the insights of multiscale structures of 2D perovskites, we analyze the interrelated causes and propose rational solutions to these two issues. The scalability issue is scrutinized from the structures of the born inks and the ended films. The efficiency issue is investigated from the structures of the phase landscape and the lattice anharmonicity. Finally, the collective and fine moiety effect for material structure, the state-of-the-art computational methodologies, as well as the machine-learning-based diagnosis are discussed. We hope this Perspective can accelerate the roadmap for building 2D perovskite PV fab.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".